The top determinants of health in order are income status, education, social support networks, employment and working conditions, early childhood development, physical environment, personal health practices and coping skills and biological and genetic factors. Access to health care is ninth as a determinant of health.

Income status tops the list for good reason: poor people die younger. In the landmark Code Red project in Hamilton, researchers documented a 21-year difference in life expectancy between residents of lower and higher income neighbourhoods.

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