In the 1860's Saskatchewan wasn't made yet, Ontario & Manitoba Metis people arrived & bought land from the HBC, alas found no friendship among the Protestant settlers, which resulted in war in 1869. When Canadian troops arrived from eastern Canada, Riel - established a provisional gov't at Fort Garry- took off to the U.S.

So the people having lost their land, leaders & attempted haven from Canadian hatred, settled in more southernly lands & established three settlements. They again established their own gov't, informing Ottawa they would self-govern until Canada moved out west to establish official "federal" govt.

The Metis were considered squatters, although they had originally settled their territories since BEFORE Canada's land acts - which was discrimatory to the Metis in the first place.THEY SENT MANY PETITIONS & RESOLUTIONS TO OTTAWA, BUT LIKE ONTARIO & MANITOBA - their existence was ignored.

So in 1884, Dumont & three councillors rode to Montana to get Riel. Since the conservatives at the time cut federal monies - so the Indians did without rations & farming assistance as per TREATY agreements.

The Metis were screwed under the landacts & white settlers had suffered drought & other calamities. Petitions drawn up by all three affected, again were ignored.

Eventually the took over a fort & war again... Canada hastily formed a committee & issued land scripted to a chosen few- which caused division with the Metis settlements.

Meanwhile Canada sent troops by CPR & sleighs.. 8000 troops, 500 NWMP & Canadian militia swarmed

René Dussault

The systematic, sustained denial of this reality manifested through the violation of agreements, the suppression of cultures and institutions, the refusal to live up to legal obligations is the core of the problem.

Settler governments, imbued with the certainty of an imperial age, sought dominion over this land and believed it was their duty to remake Aboriginal peoples and societies in their own image, thereby, conveniently, removing opposition to that dominion.

We cannot escape the fact that we have built a great liberal democracy in part through the dispossession of Aboriginal people and the imposition of our cultural norms.

Successive Canadian governments tried often intentionally, sometimes in ignorance to absorb Aboriginal people as individuals into the body of Canadian society, thus seeking to eliminate distinctive Aboriginal societies. But they did not succeed. Aboriginal peoples remain proudly different.

The fact is that in crucial dimensions, Aboriginal cultures, values and world-views were and remain fundamentally different from the organizing principles of mainstream North American society. Yet Aboriginal peoples have been denied the right to fashion their societies and institutions in ways that are consistent with these values.

Canadians are now embarrassed by the arrogance that runs through our history and by the acts of state suppression that it gave rise to: the Indian Act in all its permutations, the residential schools, the frequent relocation of whole communities, the negation of treaty commitments.

http://www.ainc-inac.gc.ca/ap/rrc-eng.asp

Presentations made by Metis across Canada to RCAP..

read for yourselves their own words...

http://iportal.usask.ca/index.php?sid=293682962&cat=77&start=200&t=sub_pages&rtype_limit=30

During the wars with the USA, Indian forces held the balance of power in Canada and had a critical part to play in protecting their country's borders from persistent encroachments from the South. The Metis of the Northwest formed a Provisional Government under the Leadership Louis Riel in 1869 and laid the foundation for the creation of The Province Manitoba and its subsequent entry into Confederation. It was the Metis who insisted on federation with Canada and resisted American annexation policies.

Two Metis Battles of resistance were fought to protect their land rights and to gain such other democratic freedoms as representation parliament, language rights for both French and English, etc. The Manitoba Act was a negotiated response to the demands of Riel's Provisional government and a condition of its dissolution.

http://www.turtle-island.com/native/the-ojibway-story/metis.html

Ever hear of Aboriginal title? or Indian title? Those were already written into many Imperial and Colonial legal acts at the same time as illegal titles were being signed over to settlers, colonies and Governors. Indian title was recognized long before legal titles were even issued in Canada. Do even you know the difference between Imperial law, Colonial law or the Common law? There is not a poster on here who does who is opposing this long over due day of Justice for the Metis peoples.

Perhaps you want to refer to where Canada has even acquired the right to issue titles over lands it never owned or legally acquired? In fact, that was illegal under Colonial law as it is stated in many legislative acts, but of course you have reviewed all of those right?

All Royal Directives and Proclamations specifically said to leave the Indians alone and not interfere with their lands.

By the way, the Metis are distinct peoples protected under the highest law in land - the Constitution. Metis Scrip was supposed to be a legal means to extinguish the existing and recognized Indian title that the Metis held because of their pre-existing rights to the land . This fact about Scrip is written right into law in Canada, but you have reviewed those documents

The Metis together with Indians and immigrants set up a Provisional government in the North west Territories in 1868. At the time, the Hudson Bay Company contract with Britain had expired and there was no legal basis for Canada to buy, or just take the land west of Ontario. So at the time of the land transfer from Britain to Canada, the internationally recognized rule of law is that the legitimate Provisional Government in what is now Manitoba had a right to the land and resources. The Canadian government asserted control over the territory without legitimate legal right. The newly constituted Canadian government then declared war on the Metis Nation in 1869 and that war has never stopped. Why? The money that is gained from resources, including land.
It is funny someone mentioned the Roman conquests in Europe since the Roman law of conquest is the basis in law that prohibits the takeover of agricultural, used, developed land without compensation.
The first thing Canada did with the west was take control of the NWT land in a reckless and unlawful manner.

Macdonald had once been tepid on the question of westward expansion of the Canadian provinces; as Prime Minister he became a strong supporter of a bicoastal Canada. Immediately upon Confederation, he sent commissioners to London who in due course successfully negotiated the transfer of Rupert's Land and the North-Western Territory to Canada. The Hudson's Bay Company received $1,500,000, and retained some trading posts as well as one-twentieth of the best farmland. Prior to the effective date of acquisition, the Canadian government faced unrest in the Red River Colony (today southeastern Manitoba, centred on Winnipeg). The local people, including the Métis, were fearful that rule would be imposed on them which did not take into account their interests, and rose in the Red River Rebellion led by Louis Riel. Unwilling to pay for a territory in insurrection, Macdonald had troops put down the uprising before the 15 July 1870 formal transfer, but as a result of the unrest, the Red River Colony joined Confederation as the province of Manitoba, while the rest of the purchased lands became the North-West Territories

Main Points

1.1 First Nations reporting requiremen
­ts establishe­d by federal government organizati­ons are a significan­t burden, especially for communitie­s with fewer than 500 residents. We estimated that at least 168 reports are required annually by the four federal organizati­ons that provided the most funding for major federal programs.

1.2 We found overlap and duplicatio­n among the required reports. With the exception of some financial reports, limited use is being made of the reports by the federal organizati­ons sampled, and we suggest that fundamenta­l change is required. We found the following:

Reporting requiremen­ts are dictated, not based on consultati­on.
The informatio­n reported is generally not used to set funding levels.
The reports contain informatio­n that does not reflect community priorities­.
We noted that new reports are being introduced with little or no review of the reporting requiremen­ts for existing programs, adding to the reporting burden.
There is little feedback to the First Nations, except for an analysis of audited financial statements­.
Most required reports for Indian and Northern Affairs Canada (INAC) and Health Canada do not provide adequate informatio­n on performanc­e or results.
Little of the informatio­n being collected from the First Nations is being used by a number of the federal organizati­ons in their reports to Parliament­.

1.3 We are concerned about the burden associated with the federal reporting requiremen­ts.
http://www­.oag-bvg.g­c.ca/inter­net/Englis­h/parl_oag­_200212_01­_e_12395.h­tml

How Canada developed a nest egg or GNP - I''ll give you one hint..

MacDonald + treaty+ 5 million+ Louis Riel + the Indian Act + Reserves+ sub soil natural resource revenue= LRT & monies held in trust by DIAND

Here is some research on Lands/Trust/ Revenue (LRT)

"First Nation bands are asking the federal government to explain what happen to more than $10 billion in trust accounts managed by the federal government on behalf of aboriginal people.

Indian trust accounts are a little known aspect of federal responsibility and the court actions from across the country, turn the tables on the financial accountability issue.

Instead of questioning Aboriginal leadership about federal funding, Ottawa is now being asked to be fiscally responsible and Ottawa's management practices are also being scrutinized

The lawsuits are based on six court actions since 1996 from across the country. One is for First Nations bands and usually involves a band's revenues from land transactions or oil and royalties.
It's a major concern," said Dennis Whitebird, a regional chief with the Assembly of First Nations.

http://chiefs-of-ontario.org/PageContent/Default.aspx?SectionHeadlineID=153

&

Office of the Auditor General of Canada

see: Management of Indian Moneys

http://www.oag-bvg.gc.ca/internet/English/parl_oag_198611_11_e_4202.html

http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/aboriginal-heritage/020016-1001-e.html

Introduction
The Resources: An Aboriginal Perspective
By Frank Meness
This essay provides a brief overview of the historic Red and Black Series and Indian Treaties, Surrenders and Agreements. It highlights, from an Aboriginal perspective, their importance to contemporary historians and researchers.
Red and Black Series
Treaties, Surrenders and Agreements
Importance of the Historical Record
Accessibility and Efficiency
Research Applications

for history of the Indian Act/ Aboriginal Law/ Landclaims­­/ Constituti­­on/ TREATIES

http://www­­.bloorstr­e­et.com/2­00­block/b­rin­tro.ht­m#30

&

Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples ( took 5 yrs. )
http://www­­.ainc-ina­c­.gc.ca/a­p/­rrc-eng­.as­p

everything you asked for is listed treaties etc..”

or

http://www­­.collecti­o­nscanada­.g­c.ca/ab­ori­ginal-­heri­tage/­02001­6-10­01-e.h­tml

Introducti­­on
The Resources: An Aboriginal Perspectiv­­e
By Frank Meness
This essay provides a brief overview of the historic Red and Black Series and Indian Treaties, Surrenders and Agreements­­. It highlights­­, from an Aboriginal perspectiv­­e, their importance to contempora­­ry historians and researcher­­s.
Red and Black Series
Treaties, Surrenders and Agreements
Importance of the Historical Record
Accessibil­­ity and Efficiency
Research Applicatio­­ns

Geez..imag­ine that: my brother is an expert on TREATIES..­.

DIAND's site:

http://www
­­.aadnc-aa­n­dc.gc.ca­/e­ng/1100­100­028574