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When is a Baby not a Baby? When Our Abortion Law Says it Isn't

Posted: 01/02/12 04:05 PM ET

Many believe Canada has no abortion law. On the other hand, a recent poll disclosed that 79 per cent of Canadians believe that Canadian law protects the fundamental human rights of children before birth in the later stages of gestation.

In fact, the opposite is true on both counts. You'll be surprised when you see what Canada's abortion law actually says. You'll be even more surprised when you hear the century in which Canada's abortion law originated.

What do people really want when it comes to abortion? Most Canadians want a just law. Most Canadians want the facts. What obstacles stand in the way of justice? Of facts?

The biggest obstacle is an unhealthy reluctance by many Canadians to even talk about abortion. Past discussions have been characterized by confrontation, insensitivity, and rhetorical heat. We need to change that and to show Canadians can have a dialogue about abortion with truth, justice, and compassion. In short, we need wise speech.

While it is true that Canada has no law that limits abortion, Canada does have a law that permits abortion by denying any human rights whatsoever to a child before the moment of complete birth. It is Section 223 of our Criminal Code: "A child becomes a human being within the meaning of this Act when it has completely proceeded, in a living state, from the body of its mother whether or not it has breathed, etc."

Many will find it odd to read a definition of human being in black-and-white print on a page.
It is even odder to realize that this law bears no relationship to the medical evidence about when a child actually does become a human being. Instead our law proposes a "magical" moment of transformation when the child's last toe pops out of the birth canal.

Even more amazing is the fact that this "born alive" definition of human being was formulated at least as early as Coke's Institutes of Law in the 17th century. Indeed, there are hints it was part of the Laws of Henry I as early as 1115 -- the 12th century. Even in the 17th century, medical science was very primitive compared to what is now known about the development of a child before birth.

At that time this definition was one part of a two-part law dealing with abortion. Along with that part -- namely, that a child was not a human being until birth -- the second part of the law went on to say that it was still a serious offence to take a child's life before birth.

Unfortunately, in 1988 the Supreme Court of Canada deleted that second part, but left the other about our law on abortion. Standing alone it denies the protection of fundamental human rights to children before birth (since they are arbitrarily defined as sub-human by our 400-year-old law).

Is this a just law? Is it informed by accurate modern medical evidence? Does it reflect compassion?

There can be no doubt that the rights of mothers are totally engaged when it comes to pregnancy, childbirth, and abortion. But can any one person's rights be validly secured by totally denying the rights of another person? In fact, rights sometimes do conflict, and modern legal principles have evolved to mediate justly between conflicting human rights. Canadians are quite capable of engaging in a national dialogue about the 21st-century medical evidence and modern legal principles which should be used to review our existing 17th century (or earlier) law on abortion.

It should be everybody's priority to ensure that a law which involves fundamental human rights is based on modern medically accurate evidence rather than a 400-year-old arbitrary legal definition.

Parliament has a responsibility and duty to ensure that laws with important human rights implications, such as our definition of who is a human being, are informed by modern, medically-accurate evidence, not out-dated 17th century medical and legal principles.

I'm simply asking the question "Does it make medical sense in the 21st century to say that a child is not a human being until the moment of complete birth?" Let's at least examine the evidence. If you agree that respectful dialogue about this is a good thing, please add your voice to mine.


 
 
 
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01:48 AM on 02/12/2012
In Bill Whatcott's nursing discipline case (he protested abortion clinics, which was unbecoming a nurse) he presented affidavit evidence of babies in Saskatchewan being killed immediately after being born (when the in-the- mother's body proceedure didn't work). His evidence is that the police were advised and said they "wouldn't get involved because it involved abortion". Partial birth abortions of full term viable babies are a mother's right with no reason required in Canada. All she needs to do is find an abortionist who would perform the proceedure for the government fee. Even s.223 doesn't limit a mother's absolute rights in practise..
12:39 PM on 02/11/2012
Always amuses me that it's old, white MEN that take a stand for the rights of the unborn. Love how conservative politicians want to make government just small enough to fit into a woman's uterus. Having known women who've had one, I know that abortion is an intensely personal decision, not usually made hastily or without heart-wrenching debate.

I have my own moral views on abortion, and should abortion become something that my family has to decide on, that's OUR decision. And while that decision may be the best thing for our family, I would never have the gaul to assume that it's the best for everyone else dealing with abortion. This is the very definition of "one size does NOT fit all".

Christ, between Canadian politicians wanting to re-open the abortion debate, and American politicians wanting to deny women contraception, we're headed for one hell of a population explosion in North America!
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lulex
Made in Canada
05:57 PM on 02/06/2012
As a resident of Waterloo Region, I have not seen this issue raised by members of our community. There have been no demonstrations, not massive outcry calling for this at the local level at all. Someone is giving this MP a script folks and it's not from our local population. Figure it out.
11:52 PM on 01/25/2012
This statement:

It is Section 223 of our Criminal Code: "A child becomes a human being within the meaning of this Act when it has completely proceeded, in a living state, from the body of its mother whether or not it has breathed, etc."

and this one:

""Does it make medical sense in the 21st century to say that a child is not a human being until the moment of complete birth?" "

do not mean the same thing.

The definition is limited to the scope of the Act. It isn't a global or scientific definition of a human-being. Until it fully emerges from the womb the fetus is confined within the body of a woman. From a *legal* perspective the woman (and everything within her) constitutes a single legal "person". A live birth signifies the existence of a separate legal entity. Doctors do not terminate pregnancies past 20 weeks unless there is a severe medical problem. Babies are not getting aborted within days of birth unless it's health (or the mother's) is severely compromised. For example, if it is discovered that the fetus has insufficient brain matter and will die within hours of birth an abortion may be performed to spare it (and the mother) from pain. Doctors are not killing perfectly healthy viable fetuses capable of living outside the womb.
08:13 PM on 01/10/2012
Abortion is never a step thats taken lightly. The utter fear and terror that come along with having a living being inside you is incomparable to anything else. And being denied the right to at least have a choice in what goes on in your own personal body is like being classified sub human or animalistic.
I'm not saying that every ones situation is the same. But it does not matter the situation or circumstances its the right to know that your life is in your own hands. 3rd trimester abortation is just as big of a deal as first trimester abortion. One way or another it is a scarring horrifying decision that takes every ounce of a womans being to come to. The topic is not Pro-Death, it is not Pro-Murder and it isnt "what is or is not a worthy life". The topic is pro choice. Its understanding that a woman needs to take care of her own body and mind above all others because being a woman dosnt automatically make you a mother. being a woman gives you the "choice" to be a mother.
09:39 PM on 01/09/2012
Since when did the Tories become defenders of human rights?
01:16 AM on 01/10/2012
Good question. Maybe it's the same thing that motivates the Liberals: "On June 21st, 2006, Parliament saw first reading of a private member’s bill by LIBERAL MP Paul Steckle to re-criminalize abortion. Bill C-338, 'An Act to Amend the Criminal Code (procuring a miscarriage after 20 weeks of gestation), would restrict later abortions performed after twenty weeks."
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techhie
02:28 PM on 01/07/2012
There is so little sense on offer by some here to the point about the "rights of the unborn child". One can only assume from the arguments being made that they are sourced from a fount of bottomless ignorance of biology. Regardless of your theological stand, it would behoove some of the writers to go away and study the biology of birth, and the growth and development of a "baby". The description of the "baby" as a separate entity from the mother belies a staggering level of ignorance. The fetus that develops into a viable life at a very late stage of the pregnancy is TOTALLY dependent on the mother's body for survival. Do you understand that simple fact? No mother, no "baby". Your talk about the rights of the unborn are just so much religious zeal. There is only one right here, whether we like it or not, and that is the right of the woman to be the final arbiter of what happens inside her own body.

With the latest technology a "baby" can be taken from the mother at about seven months and survive in an incubator. So let us all put behind us the notion that there is a "child" inside there. It is a collection of growing cells with the potential to become a human being. Nothing else.
04:26 PM on 02/06/2012
The age of viability is defined as 24 weeks, not seven months. So the notion of "no mother, no baby" is false. The baby is indeed viable without the mother at 24 weeks and even earlier.

Furthermore, all human beings are a collection of growing cells, just some have more cells than others. Nor is a collection of cells needed to constitute a human organism. A single-celled human organism is just as viable as a multi-celled human organism. With respect to the ability to live independently, single-celled human organisms are perhaps more viable than multi-celled human organisms. The technology needed to maintain a single-celled human embryo in the laboratory is very minimal. Scientific realities of human embryology may be inconvenient to those who would wish to deny personhood to an unborn child but that is no reason to invent a new science that is not based on empirical evidence. A biological definition of a human organism is not defined as independence. The biological definition of a human organism is one that bears a human genetic code.
02:15 AM on 02/12/2012
In Saskatchewan abortionists are reported to kill babies after they leave the mother's body as an extention of the abortion process. So you sound like you think studies on " the biology of birth and baby development" should be relevant to womens' rights and the definition of mother. RUSure!
05:10 AM on 01/05/2012
Well put. Be careful though, you're going to get bombarded with all the tired slogans and labelling of the pro-choice movement; respectful dialogue is impossible for most of them as the cling shiveringly to their "choice" mantras. You would think that someone who is pro-choice would at least concede that it is absolutely foolish to maintain that a third term "foetus" is anything less than a human child, and that they would perhaps limit their advocacy on abortion to the first trimester, when tissue and organs are far less developed. But, alas, no way. They jump to the slogans instead of even considering a reasonable compromise based on the truth of the matter. I've never understood that. The startling, horrific truth about this, is that some of these choicers simply must not give a crap if an unborn child is a human life or not. I'm hoping any sort of debate on the issue will expose them for their callousness, and I hope that they are only a minority, with the rest being simply passive pro-choicers who are uninformed. Hopefully the later will see the light, and strike for reasonable compromise... Anyways, best wishes on your advocacy.
05:12 PM on 01/05/2012
First of all, third term abortions are very very rare, so why is that used as justification to deprive all women of the right to choose. Secondly, if you don't like the pro-choice "slogans" perhaps you would be kind enough to provide a word that ACCURATELY describes the right wing's decision to force women to give birth against their will. It's not as if people think that ABORTION is a good thing. What people are supporting is the woman's right to choose, even when the decision isn't what YOU want.
11:28 PM on 01/05/2012
Here we go...
05:00 PM on 01/06/2012
It seems you are the one guilty of parroting the tired old slogans enemy ace.
12:46 AM on 01/05/2012
How about let the woman decide...
I wish people would spend more time doing what they preach and less time telling others what to do.

Do what you want as long as it doesnt affect me or invade my personal space if I object.
05:15 AM on 01/05/2012
"Do what you want as long as it doesnt affect me or invade my personal space"

You are absolutely right - this slogan should be worn by every unborn child so that NO ONE has the right to vacuum it are slice and dice it too pieces. In other words, do what you want as long as it doesn't invade a person (you, me, person across the street, unborn child) or invade said personal space.

If you're going to defend abortion, I suggest you take a closer look at your horribly flawed logic, and try to put together something a little more sensible...

The old slogans won't work anymore.
06:01 PM on 01/05/2012
But you are saying it IS okay to force women to give birth against their will?

Does that include rape? incest? where the woman's life is endanger? Or are you just in favour of forcing women to give birth against their will if they DARED to have consensual sex?

Which women do you think should be forced to give birth against their will?

Just curious.
08:37 PM on 01/05/2012
I agree, let them put a slogan around their neck, oh yeah, they cant, who's responsible for it? The person bearing it, as far as Im concerned its like a wart on their foot, get it removed it they want.
Some people like you would want to keep condoms because it holds half a child.
12:08 AM on 01/05/2012
Wow I missed this story..... just another Torie looking to impose American values on Canadians. That haven been said though, I am against woman who use abortion (and some do) as a form of birth control. If your too stupid to get condoms or just too lazy, then I don't believe abortion should be an option for you. Someone who has had more than a few would be an obvious case in point.
04:56 PM on 01/05/2012
I agree that it is irresponsible to use abortion as a means of birth control. That is, however a small minority of women. Most women take the decision very seriously, and the majority of women were using birth control at the time they became pregnant. Just because some women misuse abortion availability does not, however, mean that others should lose their rights. And no woman should be forced to give birth against her will.
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Lou on Vancouver Island
Allin, Lou: Mystery Author
05:14 PM on 02/06/2012
They weren't doing all this themselves. Isn't the man a first responder, if you will? Let him wear a condom. Problem solved.
11:35 PM on 01/04/2012
I'm cool with the 12th century definition; it's as arbitrary as any other, but more commendable for it's common senseness. You have to be born to be a person. Canada's definition is not broken, and does not need to be fixed. Next subject.
05:17 AM on 01/05/2012
why does a person have to be born to be a person? What is your reasoning? Once you establish that, without using tired slogans, THEN we can move onto the next subject.
02:23 AM on 02/12/2012
In Saskatchewan babies are aborted after they are born.
11:30 PM on 01/04/2012
I'm cool with the 12th century defintion - as good as anyone else's. If it ain't broke, don't fix it.
05:18 AM on 01/05/2012
It's good that your "cool" with it man - but you'll have to come up with something more substantive to convince everyone that the status quo is okay, especially with the debate that will inevitably ensue...got another slogan?
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yukoner1
Living way up the left coast.
07:15 PM on 01/04/2012
Just one more reason Tories should never be in power. What's next; bring back the noose?
05:29 AM on 01/05/2012
Yeah, I guess only Tories have introduced private members bills calling for restrictions on abortion, and extending rights to the unborn. Never mind those Liberals that did much the same. Don't believe me, eh? Then read:

"On June 21st, 2006, Parliament saw first reading of a private member’s bill by Liberal MP Paul Steckle to re-criminalize abortion. Bill C-338, 'An Act to Amend the Criminal Code (procuring a miscarriage after 20 weeks of gestation), would restrict later abortions performed after twenty weeks."

Don't forget about Liberals like Tom Wappel, Jim Karygiannis, and John McKay - all VERY prolife.

You don't need a Tory to introduce a private member's bill...

I guess life is easier when you can compartmentalize and label ain't it yukoner1 (Tory=bad, Everyone else=good).

Try a different objection next time.
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Lou on Vancouver Island
Allin, Lou: Mystery Author
05:15 PM on 02/06/2012
Funny they're all men, isn't it?
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Denis OBrien
10:47 AM on 01/04/2012
One indisputable fact about the Tory fixation on the woman/fetus/birth argument is that like all other right wing so-called christian 'values' (more Calvinist) is that any semblance of care for the child ends at birth.
05:34 AM on 01/05/2012
Though strongly prolife, I can agree with you to some extent; e.g., why would someone champion the unborn, while they simultaneously call for cutbacks on mother's allowances, wellfare, social programs that benefit children, etc? Sadly, those handful of NDP'ers who have been pro-life over the decades are all gone, or in hiding...

That said, what do you make of the liberal fixation on woman/fetus/birth...it clearly exists:

"On June 21st, 2006, Parliament saw first reading of a private member’s bill by Liberal MP Paul Steckle to re-crimina­lize abortion. Bill C-338, 'An Act to Amend the Criminal Code (procuring a miscarriag­e after 20 weeks of gestation)­, would restrict later abortions performed after twenty weeks."
06:21 AM on 01/04/2012
How about "when it's a fetus or an embryo"?

So tired of the fetishization of eight-celled organisms. Want to care about children? Care about the BORN ones. Those are the ONLY ones that matter.
05:38 AM on 01/05/2012
So, you don't mind thrid term abortion procedures on fully developed children in the third trimester (which are identical in form and substance to a newborn)? That's a rather callous and uninformed viewpoint. You will have to check out the procedures (utterly barbaric) used to extract later term fetuses if you are going to have a fully informed opinion about what you're actually advocating.